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Frontier science and challenges on offshore carbon storage

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第7期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1680-6

摘要：

● The main direct seal up carbon options and challenges are reviewed.

关键词： Offshore carbon storage Direct CO₂ injection CO₂-CH₄ replacement CO₂-EOR CCS hubs CO₂ transport

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CO, N, and CO/N mixed gas injection for enhanced shale gas recovery and CO geological storage

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 428-445 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0865-9

摘要： In this work, using fractured shale cores, isothermal adsorption experiments and core flooding tests were conducted to investigate the performance of injecting different gases to enhance shale gas recovery and CO₂ geological storage efficiency under real reservoir conditions. The adsorption process of shale to different gases was in agreement with the extended-Langmuir model, and the adsorption capacity of CO₂ was the largest, followed by CH_4, and that of N₂ was the smallest of the three pure gases. In addition, when the CO₂ concentration in the mixed gas exceeded 50%, the adsorption capacity of the mixed gas was greater than that of CH₄, and had a strong competitive adsorption effect. For the core flooding tests, pure gas injection showed that the breakthrough time of CO₂ was longer than that of N₂, and the CH₄ recovery factor at the breakthrough time (

R C H 4

) was also higher than that of N₂. The

R C H 4

of CO₂ gas injection was approximately 44.09%, while the

R C H 4

of N₂ was only 31.63%. For CO₂/N₂ mixed gas injection, with the increase of CO₂ concentration, the

R C H 4

increased, and the

R C H 4

for mixed gas CO₂/N₂ = 8:2 was close to that of pure CO₂, about 40.24%. Moreover, the breakthrough time of N₂ in mixed gas was not much different from that when pure N₂ was injected, while the breakthrough time of CO₂ was prolonged, which indicated that with the increase of N₂ concentration in the mixed gas, the breakthrough time of CO₂ could be extended. Furthermore, an abnormal surge of N₂ concentration in the produced gas was observed after N₂ breakthrough. In regards to CO₂ storage efficiency (

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

), as the CO₂ concentration increased,

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

also increased. The

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

of the pure CO₂ gas injection was about 35.96%, while for mixed gas CO₂/N₂ = 8:2,

S s t o r a g e - C O 2

was about 32.28%.

关键词： shale gas gas injection competitive adsorption enhanced shale gas recovery CO₂ geological storage

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非均质储层CO2sub>泡沫调驱注入参数优化实验研究

赵金省,谭俊领,古正富,刘笑春

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第11期页码 88-93

摘要：结果表明，地下起泡方式，即CO2和起泡剂交替注入的方式可以在高渗透层中形成较高的封堵压差，具有较好的驱油效果。最优的段塞组合是0.2倍孔隙体积的起泡剂+0.4倍孔隙体积的CO2气体，总注入段塞是0.6倍孔隙体积。

关键词：非均质储层 CO2sub>泡沫调驱注入参数实验研究

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基于实时CT扫描技术的CO2sub>和N2sub>交替注入条件下煤吸附膨胀和解吸收缩规律研究 Article

张广磊, P.G. Ranjith, Herbert E. Huppert

《工程（英文）》 2022年第18卷第11期页码 88-95 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.03.010

摘要：

深部煤层是分布最广泛的适宜二氧化碳（CO2sub>）地质封存的地层之一，且通常位于大型CO2sub>排放源附近。将CO2sub>注入到煤层中具有巨大的CO2sub>封存潜力，同时可以提高煤层气的采收率（CO2sub>-ECBM）。然而，目前CO2sub>-ECBM先导实验仍存在技术问题需要解决，即CO2sub>的注入会引起煤层渗透率降低进而影响长期注入能力。本文采用原位同步辐射X射线显微CT扫描技术，首次在原位条件下直接证明了注入氮气（N2sub>）可以置换解吸CO2sub>并减小因CO2sub>吸附引起的煤基质膨胀研究结果表明，煤层中注入经过简单处理的烟道气（主要成分为N2sub>和CO2sub>），是技术上可行的CO2sub>-ECBM 替代方案。

关键词： CCS CO2sub>-ECBM 碳中和 X 射线成像煤渗透率

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CO2sub> methanation and co-methanation of CO and CO2sub> over Mn-promoted Ni/Al2sub>O3sub> catalysts

Kechao Zhao,Zhenhua Li,Li Bian

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第2期页码 273-280 doi: 10.1007/s11705-016-1563-5

摘要： A series of Mn-promoted 15 wt-% Ni/Al O catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method. The effect of the Mn content on the activity of the Ni/Al O catalysts for CO methanation and the co-methanation of CO and CO in a fixed-bed reactor was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by N physisorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction and desorption, carbon dioxide temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The presence of Mn increased the number of CO adsorption sites and inhibited Ni particle agglomeration due to improved Ni dispersion and weakened interactions between the nickel species and the support. The Mn-promoted 15 wt-% Ni/Al O catalysts had improved CO methanation activity especially at low temperatures (250 to 400 °C). The Mn content was varied from 0.86% to 2.54% and the best CO conversion was achieved with the 1.71Mn-Ni/Al O catalyst. The co-methanation tests on the 1.71Mn-Ni/Al O catalyst indicated that adding Mn markedly enhanced the CO methanation activity especially at low temperatures but it had little influence on the CO methanation performance. CO methanation was more sensitive to the reaction temperature and the space velocity than the CO methanation in the co-methanation process.

关键词： Mn promotion nickel catalysts CO₂ methanation co-methanation of CO and CO₂

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Thermo-economic analysis of a direct supercritical CO electric power generation system using geothermal

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 246-262 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0749-9

摘要： A comprehensive thermo-economic model combining a geothermal heat mining system and a direct supercritical CO₂ turbine expansion electric power generation system was proposed in this paper. Assisted by this integrated model, thermo-economic and optimization analyses for the key design parameters of the whole system including the geothermal well pattern and operational conditions were performed to obtain a minimal levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Specifically, in geothermal heat extraction simulation, an integrated wellbore-reservoir system model (T2Well/ECO2N) was used to generate a database for creating a fast, predictive, and compatible geothermal heat mining model by employing a response surface methodology. A parametric study was conducted to demonstrate the impact of turbine discharge pressure, injection and production well distance, CO₂ injection flowrate, CO₂ injection temperature, and monitored production well bottom pressure on LCOE, system thermal efficiency, and capital cost. It was found that for a 100 MW_e power plant, a minimal LCOE of $0.177/kWh was achieved for a 20-year steady operation without considering CO₂ sequestration credit. In addition, when CO₂ sequestration credit is $1.00/t, an LCOE breakeven point compared to a conventional geothermal power plant is achieved and a breakpoint for generating electric power generation at no cost was achieved for a sequestration credit of $2.05/t.

关键词： geothermal heat mining supercritical CO₂ power generation thermo-economic analysis optimization

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山西沁水盆地柿庄北区块3#煤层注入埋藏CO2sub>提高煤层气采收率试验和评价

叶建平,张兵,Sam Wong

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第2期页码 38-44

摘要：

对沁水盆地南部柿庄北区块进行了深煤层注入地质和工程评价，认为柿庄北区块适合进行深煤层注入CO2开采煤层气技术的应用；通过SX-001井的微型先导性试验通过现场试验，注入CO2后SX-001井的产气量是注入前的2.45倍；在小于煤岩破裂压力的条件下，每天注入20 t的CO2能够实现顺利注入，并且压力上升速度较慢；注入CO2后，煤岩发生膨胀，局部煤层的渗透率降低，排采一段时间后恢复；在目的煤层中注入的CO2的影响范围内，烃类气体总的置换效率达到14.18 cm3/g。该试验成果证明柿庄北区块通过注入CO2开采煤层气实现了CO2的埋藏，提高了煤层气井的采收率。

关键词：山西沁水盆地注入CO2sub> 煤层气采收率

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以净零排放为目标的封存驱动型CO2sub>提高采收率方法 Article

刘月亮, 芮振华

《工程（英文）》 2022年第18卷第11期页码 79-87 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.02.010

摘要：可通过驱油过程将CO2sub>封存在油藏地质体中，因此，CO2sub>驱油与封存被视为降低CO2sub>排放的重要手段之一。本研究提出了一种新型的CO2sub>提高采收率（EOR）方法，即封存驱动型CO2sub>提高采收率，其主要目标是通过在油藏中封存尽可能多的CO2sub>来实现CO结果表明，DME可提高CO2sub>在原油中的溶解度，有利于CO2sub>的溶解封存；可抑制因CO2sub>的抽提作用造成的原油轻质组分“逃逸&rdquo封存驱动型CO2sub> EOR方法在提高波及效率方面优于传统的CO2sub> EOR，尤其是在采油后期更为明显；同时，封存驱动型CO2sub> EOR比传统的此外，通过封存驱动型CO2sub> EOR封存的CO2sub>量远超采出原油燃烧产生的碳排放总量。

关键词： CO2sub> EOR CO2sub>净排放量二甲醚封存驱动型CO2sub> EOR CO2sub>封存

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凝析气藏的经济开采模式

刘廷元

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第3期页码 85-91

摘要：介绍了国外近20 a来在凝析气藏开采技术领域的各种经济模式，包括回注φdsub>=75%干气、自流回注、注N2sub>、注水、水气交替注和注CO2sub

关键词：凝析气藏开采模式注气注氮注水注二氧化碳经济

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固体氧化物电解池共电解H2sub>O/CO2sub>研究进展

范慧,宋世栋,韩敏芳

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第2期页码 107-112

摘要：本文介绍了固体氧化物电解池的结构特点及其用于H2O/CO2的共电解制备H2和CO的工作原理，综述了固体氧化物电解池的组成形式，以及单片电解池和电解池堆用于H2O/CO2共电解反应的国内外研究进展，并阐述了提高固体氧化物电解池共电解效率所亟需解决的问题

关键词：固体氧化物电解池 H2sub>O/CO2sub>共电解合成气电解效率水电解

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Reduction potential of the energy penalty for CO capture in CCS

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 390-399 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0864-x

摘要： CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) has been acknowledged as an essential part of a portfolio of technologies that are required to achieve cost-effective long-term CO₂ mitigation. However, the development progress of CCS technologies is far behind the targets set by roadmaps, and engineering practices do not lead to commercial deployment. One of the crucial reasons for this delay lies in the unaffordable penalty caused by CO₂ capture, even though the technology has been commonly recognized as achievable. From the aspects of separation and capture technology innovation, the potential and promising direction for solving this problem were analyzed, and correspondingly, the possible path for deployment of CCS in China was discussed. Under the carbon neutral target recently proposed by the Chinese government, the role of CCS and the key milestones for deployment were indicated.

关键词： CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) CO₂ separation energy penalty

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Al2sub>O3sub> and CeO2sub>-promoted MgO sorbents for CO2sub> capture at moderate

Huimei Yu, Xiaoxing Wang, Zhu Shu, Mamoru Fujii, Chunshan Song

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第1期页码 83-93 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1691-6

摘要： A series of Al O and CeO modified MgO sorbents was prepared and studied for CO sorption at moderate temperatures. The CO sorption capacity of MgO was enhanced with the addition of either Al O or CeO . Over Al O -MgO sorbents, the best capacity of 24.6 mg-CO /g-sorbent was attained at 100 °C, which was 61% higher than that of MgO (15.3 mg-CO /g-sorbent). The highest capacity of 35.3 mg-CO /g-sorbent was obtained over the CeO -MgO sorbents at the optimal temperature of 200 °C. Combining with the characterization results, we conclude that the promotion effect on CO sorption with the addition of Al O and CeO can be attributed to the increased surface area with reduced MgO crystallite size. Moreover, the addition of CeO increased the basicity of MgO phase, resulting in more increase in the CO capacity than Al O promoter. Both the Al O -MgO and CeO -MgO sorbents exhibited better cyclic stability than MgO over the course of fifteen CO sorption-desorption cycles. Compared to Al O , CeO is more effective for promoting the CO capacity of MgO. To enhance the CO capacity of MgO sorbent, increasing the basicity is more effective than the increase in the surface area.

关键词： CO₂ capture MgO sorbents Al₂O₃ CeO₂ flue gas

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ZnFe2sub>O4sub> deposited on BiOCl with exposed (001) and (010) facets for photocatalyticreduction of CO2sub> in cyclohexanol

Guixian Song, Xionggang Wu, Feng Xin, Xiaohong Yin

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 197-204 doi: 10.1007/s11705-016-1606-y

摘要： ZnFe O -BiOCl composites were prepared by both hydrothermal and direct precipitation processes and the structures and properties of the samples were characterized by various instrumental techniques. The samples were then used as catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of CO in cyclohexanol under ultraviolet irradiation to give cyclohexanone (CH) and cyclohexyl formate (CF). The photocatalytic CO reduction activities over the hydrothermally prepared ZnFe O -BiOCl composites were higher than those over the directly-precipitated composites. This is because compared to the direct-precipitation sample, the ZnFe O nanoparticles in the hydrothermal sample were smaller and more uniformly distributed on the surface of BiOCl and so more heterojunctions were formed. Higher CF and CH yields were obtained for the pure BiOCl and BiOCl composite samples with more exposed (001) facets than for the samples with more exposed (010) facets. This is due to the higher density of oxygen atoms in the exposed (001) facets, which creates more oxygen vacancies, and thereby improves the separation efficiency of the electron-hole pairs. More importantly, irradiation of the (001) facets with ultraviolet light produces photo-generated electrons which is helpful for the reduction of CO to ·CO . The mechanism for the photocatalytic reduction of CO in cyclohexanol over ZnFe O -BiOCl composites with exposed (001) facets involves electron transfer and carbon radical formation.

关键词： reduction of CO₂ cyclohexanol ZnFe₂O₄ deposited BiOCl facet composite photocatalyst

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Boosting the direct conversion of NHHCO electrolyte to syngas on Ag/Zn zeolitic imidazolate framework

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第9期页码 1196-1207 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2289-1

摘要： The electrochemical reduction of NH₄HCO₃ to syngas can bypass the high energy consumption of high-purity CO₂ release and compression after the ammonia-based CO₂ capture process. This technology has broad prospects in industrial applications and carbon neutrality. A zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 precursor was introduced with different Ag contents via colloid chemical synthesis. This material was carbonized at 1000 °C to obtain AgZn zeolitic imidazolate framework derived nitrogen carbon catalysts, which were used for the first time for boosting the direct conversion of NH₄HCO₃ electrolyte to syngas. The AgZn zeolitic imidazolate framework derived nitrogen carbon catalyst with a Ag/Zn ratio of 0.5:1 achieved the highest CO Faradaic efficiency of 52.0% with a current density of 1.15 mA·cm^–2 at –0.5 V, a H₂/CO ratio of 1–2 (–0.5 to –0.7 V), and a stable catalytic activity of more than 6 h. Its activity is comparable to that of the CO₂-saturated NH₄HCO₃ electrolyte. The highly discrete Ag-N_x and Zn-N_x nodes may have combined catalytic effects in the catalysts synthesized by appropriate Ag doping and sufficient carbonization. These nodes could increase active sites of catalysts, which is conducive to the transport and adsorption of reactant CO₂ and the stability of *COOH intermediate, thus can improve the selectivity and catalytic activity of CO.

关键词： Ag catalyst zeolitic imidazolate framework CO₂ electroreduction ammonium bicarbonate electrolyte syngas